Determination of molarity of cell sap in potato tubers Essays

Determination of molarity of cell sap in potato tubers Essays Determination of molarity of cell sap in potato tubers Paper Determination of molarity of cell sap in potato tubers Paper Plant and animal cells are made up of a cell membrane. The plant cells have the cell membrane line in the inside of the cell wall. The cell wall provides the turgidity to the cell. The cell wall is dead and allows all substances to pass freely through it whereas the cell membrane is alive and selective. This is the case also for the cell membrane of the animal cells. The only difference is however that the cell membrane is the only layer around the cell unlike the cell wall that is part of the plant cells. The cell membrane is alive and selective as we know. This means that it is semi-permeable. This is called a semi permeable membrane. Semi permeable means that it is a layer or a surface that allows only certain particles to pass through but not any others. A completely permeable membrane means that it is a membrane that allows any particles to pass through like is the case for the dead cell wall. This cell membrane is a thin layer of cytoplasm and allows the cell to control the products that come through and go out. For example the cell membrane allows only substances like water, glucose and water are allowed to enter and waste products are removed. However the other way round is not possible because the membrane does not allow the wastes to enter and the vital particles to exit. The membrane is very important to organisms. The movement of gas molecules is called diffusion. The diffusion of other substances such as liquids across a semi permeable membrane is called osmosis. The process of osmosis will be studied in detail here. There is another type of movement and it is called active transport. To understand both of these it is important to know what the concentration gradient is. It is also called diffusion gradient because it also applies to gases. Diffusion or concentration gradient shows the molecules or the particles as from less concentrated to more concentrate. This is demonstrated below. A- higher concentration B- molecules moving C- Less concentration From this diagram we can see that there are more molecules on the left and the molecules are moving from section A through the section B and moves to C where there are fewer molecules. This way we can see that the molecules are diffusing through the empty space. The arrow points towards the diffusion gradient. For the active transport it will be the other way which shows it is against the concentration gradient. This shows the movement of particles for gases. The difference for osmosis is that in osmosis there is a semi permeable membrane. This semi permeable membrane has tiny pores that allow only certain products to pass through. Active transport is different from osmosis because osmosis is according to the concentration gradient and active transport is against the concentration gradient. Factors of osmosis Osmosis depends on the concentration and the temperature of the surroundings in which it takes place. The concentration of the solution is very important because then it will be according to the number of molecules in the water. If we take a sugar solution we know that there is sugar dissolved in it but also it is important to know what is the concentration of the solution. The higher the concentration, the more the amount of sugar molecules and so the amount of water is less. Therefore the amount of water that moves towards it will be more. If we take the above diagram and we place the semi permeable membrane in the middle or have a semi permeable membrane full of the solution we will see this change. This is demonstrated below. For the sake of simplicity, the water molecule has been shown as small and monoatomic where its actual formula is H20 and the sugar molecule is also shown bigger so that it is easier to distinguish and its actual formula is C6H12O6. As we can see form the above diagram that the reason that the sugar molecule cannot pass through is that it is too big to fit through the pore. Even if the gap is large enough the sugar molecule passes though very slowly. The arrows in between show the movement of the particles. As we can see that the reason that the water molecules are moving is that there are less water molecules on the left and so the solution is concentrated and the solution on the right is dilute. The solution on the left is more concentrated because the sugar molecules are now hydrated and so have stopped the water molecules from moving freely and thus there are less water molecules present in the solution. This is usually called water of crystallisation. So we can define osmosis as the movement of water molecules from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration. As we will observe the level of water on the right will decrease and the level of water on the left increases until both will be the same. So they will be in balance and proportion. In plants the following occurs so that the plants may take in fresh water and if seawater were added the reverse would happen, the cells would lose water. This we will see later. Osmosis can take place in any solution, whether it is a salt solution or even a sugar solution. The water potential is the measure of whether the solution is likely to gain or lose water and by how much. So it is concluded that pure water has the highest water potential because it has the highest number of free molecules and can diffuse from one solution to the other no matter how concentrated or dilute it may be. This again repeats the fact that the water moves from a high potential to a low potential. Once again it is important that the substance that is added to the water is soluble in water. Osmosis is also used industrially, mainly in the process of agriculture. Sometimes in industry, quite different from agriculture, osmosis may also be used. In this case the tubing would be made of cellulose acetate in sheets or tubes used for dialysis. The size of the pores can be adjusted according to the size of the molecules or the particles of the substances and used accordingly for different purposes. In an animal cell the water is taken by osmosis. The cell swells up and can burst if the extra water is not removed. The tissue fluid does this. The tissue fluid has the same concentration as the cell and so the substances or rather water can pass freely between the cell and the tissue fluid. As we can see form the above representation the cell has expanded and will burst if it does not lose the extra water. That is why the tissue fluid plays an important part. The solution outside is called the hypotonic solution because it has a low concentration of the solute compared to the solution in the inside, which is called the hypertonic solution. As for the solutions between the cytoplasm and the tissue fluid have the same concentration so that they can freely exchange. These solutions are called isotonic solutions. For the plant cells, too the same thing happens. But when the above change takes place, the cells are now turgid and this property is usually used to check the end of the osmosis in experiments and the cells that have lost water by osmosis until they are flaccid, which means that they have wilted or a starting to wilt. This is important for us to know because we will be experimenting about the plant cells when we investigate osmosis. Plant Cells Plant Cells have vacuoles. This makes all the difference to the turgidity. When the plant cell is surrounded by dilute solution then the water will enter the vacuole and enlarge it. The vacuole will become larger and also push against the sides of the cytoplasm. This will stretch the cell. This will happen till a limit because there is the cell wall that does not allow the cell to expand too much. This means that the cell is turgid and is exerting turgor pressure on the walls of the cell. When the water content in the vacuole decreases either due to lack of water or the loss of water due to transpiration, the cells become flaccid. The vacuole becomes smaller. The cells are said to be plasmolysed. The vacuoles have pulled the cytoplasm away from the cell walls and thus allowed the cells to become smaller. As we have already discussed the temperature is an important factor in osmosis. As the temperature increases the rate of osmosis also increase. This is because the when the temperature increases the water molecules move faster from one solution to the other. As we proceed to the experiment, we will see that what other factors are to be kept constant and what changes occur during the procedure of the experiment. Osmosis is important in nature. Osmosis is important in every living creature because it controls the distribution of water and nutrients. Osmosis occurs only when there is a semi permeable membrane so it keeps waste products out of the cell and provides the cell with the substances required in appropriate amounts. If there were no osmosis, red blood cells would get filled with water and burst just like a balloon. This is called hemolysis. Salty water can cause the tissues to dehydrate and osmosis may prevent this. This is because it is a salty solution. Osmosis maintains the regularity of concentration in the cells of the living organisms. Even so in plants osmosis helps to maintain the balance of water and the turgidity. Without this plants would wilt and die. The same for humans. If there were too much or too little water in cells, we may also die but osmosis prevents this. In plants this process is partially responsible for drawing water up to the stems where it can be used for respiration. Then again if the water in the soil is salty or has too much fertiliser in it, it can be harmful for the plants because the solution is then hypertonic.

10 Writers Block Memes to Keep Your Book Afloat

10 Writers Block Memes to Keep Your Book Afloat 10 Writer's Block Memes to Keep Your Book Afloat If you’re a writer, you’re 99% guaranteed to agree that writer’s block is not a lot of fun. Whilst we can offer tips and help you try and overcome writer’s block  and writing strategies, we can also reassure you that you are not suffering alone.The fact that you’re here - possibly having searched for ‘writer’s block memes’ - suggests you’re in need of a little light relief. This post will hopefully provide you with some confirmation that you’re not the only one who’s struggling and remind you that, all in all, writer’s block is a strange and funny thing.1. Your first experience of writer’s block went something like this: What's your favorite writer's block meme? Tell us in the comments and we'll be happy to add it to our list!

Goods and Services Tax (GST) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Goods and Services Tax (GST) - Essay Example The present research has identified that goods and services tax (GST) is said to be indirect and broad-based because it is charged depending on the supply or activities of good and services instead of being charged directly on income. Also, these charges are applied generally to all taxpayers with a few limitations. Taxation under GST is applied to the goods and services that are used by consumers, meaning that, this system is a consumption taxation system. A step process is used in the collection of taxes under GST, to make sure that tax is levied at every stage of the production chain, and also to allow suppliers of goods and services who are registered to claim the credit on tax paid to their inputs. Although the tax is charged at every stage, the tax is paid finally by the consumer at the end spot. For a firm to be able to take credit on GST, they must be registered. Thus, if they do not apply to be registered under GST, they are treated as the end consumers and can only enjoy th e GST credit they incur. GST is classified into three types of supplies namely; taxable supplies, input tax supplies, and GST free supplies. GST liability is created out of supply, but it is not created by the GST registered entity. The rules of GST do not apply if the supplies of either goods or services came to force before 1st July 2000, and in accordance to set special rules, gifts, when supply is made by entities not registered, or which are not required to register and when the transactions involved are not connected to Australia. In order to register Tiles Pty Ltd under GST system, the management needs to ensure that the firm satisfies the following requirements as stipulated under chapter 2, part 2-5 division 23 of the act. The main importance of registration is due to the following: - GST is only payable on any supplies for registered entities only Credits for input tax cannot be claimed unless the entity is registered GST returns are only lodged for registered entities Und er the goods and services act, an entity structure may include an individual, a sole corporate, a corporation body, a political body, a partnership, a trust and an unincorporated association or body of persons. Tiles Galore Pty Ltd is a small sized corporation, meaning that, it falls under an entity structure required to be registered. Thus, the firm can apply to be registered by ATO for GST. Registration requirements are in sec 23-5; it states that an entity is registered It is an enterprise Annual turnover meets the threshold for registration turnover The term entity is broad in definition and includes various legal persons as described here below; The trustee is that entity that should register for GST and ABN The partnerships are those entities that should register for GST but not for individual partners It thus entails that under section 23-10, an entity cannot be registered if it does not carry or intend to carry on with an enterprise. It is optional for that entity to registe r if it carries on an enterprise but does not meet the threshold for registration. Supplies fall under various sections namely; taxable supplies, GST free supplies, and input taxed supplies. Other kinds are importations and those that fall outside the scope of the GST. Taxable supplies are determinant factors in ruling whether a certain transaction is worth falling under GST.

U.S. Fiscal Cliff Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

U.S. Fiscal Cliff - Essay Example The primary obstacle towards a greater understanding between the two political parties with regards to austerity, spending, and the national debt is with regards to how the situation should be handled. On the one side the Democratic Party oftentimes if much more fiscally liberal than the Republican Party and as such oftentimes has few qualms in running up high deficits. However, the Republican Party itself under the Bush years added to the national debt by a figure of over 4 trillion dollars. Such a sum for the time was an unimaginable one. Aided by nearly a decade of conflict and two wars, the Republican Party lost any and all credence that they had formerly retained with reference to being the party of fiscal responsibility. However, with regards to the individual positions that the political spectrum retains, there can be said to be two. The Democratic Party believes that the best way to find a reasonable solution for such economic difficulties revolves around raising taxes (speci fically on the upper middle class and wealthiest citizens). Such an approach has merits; however, speaking economically, it also serves to penalize those job-creators that most directly influence the level of growth and recovery that the nation would experience if such a deadweight loss were not experienced. Similarly, those that support the alternate view to the one listed above claim that any and all budget shortfalls must be remedied by relying on austerity and/or budget cuts to achieve the desired result.

System of Inquiry Essay Example for Free

System of Inquiry Essay In an age where truth is relative and compromise is the norm , where people are afraid to take a stand on the thorny issues like Bioethics , Euthanasia , Racism , Abortion etc that clutter our daily horizons – it’s high time now to face these vexing issues boldly and set – up a firmer Code of Ethics at the conscious level of a human . No matter how many laws you make but unless it is dwelled at the conscious level it won’t be that effective ; as ethics is not limited to specific acts and defined moral codes , but encompasses the whole of moral ideals and behaviours – a person’s philosophy of life to be precise . A high performing compliance and ethics program is best organized as an integrated capability assigned to the individuals with overall accountability. As far as the ethics in the system of inquiry goes – reflection , decision making under circumstances of complexity , skills of analysis , synthesis and evaluation as well as communication skills are some of the hallmarks. An ethical system of inquiry program supports the organization’s business objectives, identifies the Ethical and legal boundaries to establish an alert management system. Once an issue is detected, management must be prepared to respond quickly and appropriately . It will enable the organization to better prevent, detect and respond to similar problems in the future. An effective systems of enquiry should include reasoning and conclusions that can be reduced to a form that can be effectively communicated plus a systematic approach that goes a long way in handling any sort of inquiry. Appreciative Inquiry seeks what is right in an organization. It is a habit of mind, heart, and imagination that searches for the success, the life-giving force, the incidence of joy. Every system of inquiry needs to be ethical and ethics is not the same as feelings. Feelings provide important information for our ethical choices. Some people have highly developed habits that make them feel bad when they do something wrong, but many people feel good even though they are doing something wrong. And often our feelings will tell us it is uncomfortable to do the right thing if it is hard. Ethics is not religion. Many people are not religious, but ethics applies to everyone. Most religions do advocate high ethical standards but sometimes do not address all the types of problems we face. Ethics is not following the law. A good system of inquiry does incorporate many ethical standards, but law can deviate from what is ethical. Law can become ethically corrupt, as some totalitarian regimes have made it. Law can be a function of power alone and designed to serve the interests of narrow groups. Law may have a difficult time designing or enforcing standards in some important areas and may be slow to address new problems. A robust system of inquiry should have mechanisms for making good ethical decisions which further requires a trained sensitivity to ethical issues and a practiced method for exploring the ethical aspects of a decision and weighing the considerations that should impact our choice of a course of action. Having a method for ethical decision making is absolutely essential. When practiced regularly, the method becomes so familiar that we work through it automatically without consulting the specific steps. The more novel and difficult the ethical choice we face, the more we need to rely on discussion with others about the dilemma. Its only by careful exploration of the problem, aided by the insights and different perspectives of others, can we make good ethical choices in such situations. Work ethics is relative to the time period in which it is measured and the variables are not independently predictive. We must redefine work ethics to reflect the attitudes, desires, and behaviors of today’s employed if we are to develop pedagogy that will foster changes in worker behavior that will be sustained as situations change. Most contemporary research focuses on teaching skills and knowledge, and not attitudes. Work-related social skills and habits are the most important entry-level skills sought in employees. As business, industry, and education face challenges to produce workers and students who perform at optimum levels, all are faced with the issue of the work ethics. Nearly all discussions with emphasis of linking or improving businesses and education captures work ethic somewhere in the discourse. Underlying questions concerning work ethics is the development of an acceptable definition that is current with today’s environment, the determination of whether work ethics is a teachable characteristic, and the development of acceptable and practical pedagogy.

The Messiah Essay -- Musicians Handel The Messiah Essays

The Messiah Handel’s classic piece, The Messiah is undoubtedly the best selection as our classes choice for the time capsule. It has all the workings of a true musical masterpiece and a beautiful message that all should know. Our song should be chosen as a piece that has lived, will live on, and does justice to music. That is The Messiah. Many of you (including myself) didn’t quite realize who Handel was, let alone know his oratorio The Messiah. Once Joel began to play it in class, the common phrase shifted from, "What?", to, "Oh, the hallelujah song." It is a piece that nearly anyone, of any generation, knows at least by its famous chorus, Hallelujah. That is a lot to say for one song. How many of your parents actually know anything about the music you listen to? Most of the music of today just kind of fades in and then back out, which is just not the case with The Messiah. For more than 250 years, this great and most popular of oratorios has survived and endured numerous revisions and reorchestrations in performances ranging from "cast of thousands" to today's emphasis on "authentic" performances, a practice employing period instruments and small all-male choral ensembles(Wilson). When Christmas season roles around, everyone can count on hearing Handel’s own personal favorite The Messiah. This is the kind of song we need, something that links us through common knowledge and feeling, past and present. Handel combines the sheer grandeur and power of his German roots with the color of his Italian experience, joining this with the unique flavor of the English language(Alexander). His music can thus be powerful, it can be colorful and lively(like the wonderful "For unto us a child is born" chorus), or it can be stirri... ...apacity for self-renewal. We become aware that it bestows on us the special gift of aesthetic and spiritual grace. There is not one portion of this song that should make us disregard it. Think of your favorite song. Now think of what time span it has touched or will touch. Okay, think of its actually artistic quality. Lastly, think of what message, what feeling it’s trying to convey. I doubt it it compares in all aspects to the Messiah. I think you’ll agree this is the song that deserves the spot in the UTD time capsule. Works Cited Alexander, Sean. http://www.ao.net/~jmo/john/music/handelt.html). Del Rio, Chris. http://www.inkpot.com/classical/messiah.html. McEown, Nathen. http://www.psg.com/~patf/bach/messiah.html. Mulchevy , Michael. "Ved Head." Rolling Stone June 1995: 46-48. Wilson, Jason. http://www.hartfordchorale.org/Messiah.html. The Messiah Essay -- Musicians Handel The Messiah Essays The Messiah Handel’s classic piece, The Messiah is undoubtedly the best selection as our classes choice for the time capsule. It has all the workings of a true musical masterpiece and a beautiful message that all should know. Our song should be chosen as a piece that has lived, will live on, and does justice to music. That is The Messiah. Many of you (including myself) didn’t quite realize who Handel was, let alone know his oratorio The Messiah. Once Joel began to play it in class, the common phrase shifted from, "What?", to, "Oh, the hallelujah song." It is a piece that nearly anyone, of any generation, knows at least by its famous chorus, Hallelujah. That is a lot to say for one song. How many of your parents actually know anything about the music you listen to? Most of the music of today just kind of fades in and then back out, which is just not the case with The Messiah. For more than 250 years, this great and most popular of oratorios has survived and endured numerous revisions and reorchestrations in performances ranging from "cast of thousands" to today's emphasis on "authentic" performances, a practice employing period instruments and small all-male choral ensembles(Wilson). When Christmas season roles around, everyone can count on hearing Handel’s own personal favorite The Messiah. This is the kind of song we need, something that links us through common knowledge and feeling, past and present. Handel combines the sheer grandeur and power of his German roots with the color of his Italian experience, joining this with the unique flavor of the English language(Alexander). His music can thus be powerful, it can be colorful and lively(like the wonderful "For unto us a child is born" chorus), or it can be stirri... ...apacity for self-renewal. We become aware that it bestows on us the special gift of aesthetic and spiritual grace. There is not one portion of this song that should make us disregard it. Think of your favorite song. Now think of what time span it has touched or will touch. Okay, think of its actually artistic quality. Lastly, think of what message, what feeling it’s trying to convey. I doubt it it compares in all aspects to the Messiah. I think you’ll agree this is the song that deserves the spot in the UTD time capsule. Works Cited Alexander, Sean. http://www.ao.net/~jmo/john/music/handelt.html). Del Rio, Chris. http://www.inkpot.com/classical/messiah.html. McEown, Nathen. http://www.psg.com/~patf/bach/messiah.html. Mulchevy , Michael. "Ved Head." Rolling Stone June 1995: 46-48. Wilson, Jason. http://www.hartfordchorale.org/Messiah.html.

Movie Trailer

A son and his father are sitting at their table the dad pronounces, â€Å"l love Jell-O. † â€Å"Why? ‘ the son asked, â€Å"Well†¦ † The father began listing off the typical dad's life to his son. The camera pans to the son as he visualizes himself in his dad's shoes. The dad tells his son that every morning he wakes up â€Å"with a little less hair† the son is then shown In his dad's clothes staring in the mirror with little hair on top of his head.Then he has to â€Å"drive to work In heavy traffic† says the dad as you see the child nervously driving barely able to see over the steering wheel driving In between two semi-trucks. The dad then explains to his son when he got to work his boss had told him â€Å"the project he had been working on for a year was canceled. † You see the son coloring a picture as his boss takes it away and rips it up, the camera then pans back to the child's distraught face. The dad and the son are back at t he table and the dad states that â€Å"Jell-O pudding makes up for all of that.The son looks at his dad and hands him his pudding, â€Å"here, you need this more than me† (Jell-O pudding) Jell-Co's goal was to achieve the audience of fathers and sons in this specific advertisement. They had shown the father's everyday life through the eyes of his child associating both roles in the commercial. The advertisement proves to be ethos relating the fathers depicted day to a typical fathers everyday life. The Jell-O In the commercial Is used to portray their pudding as a stress reliever and It â€Å"makes up for al of that† relative to the fathers bad day.At the end of the commercial the child hands his father the Jell-O after visualizing the day his dad had at work, this held the audience hostage to the adorable child generously giving his hardworking father his one Jell-O pudding snack using the pathos affect. The sole purpose of the commercial was to motivate the buyer to buy Jell-O products because it relieves all of their stress and puts them in a better mood. Jell-O makes the audience think of their horrible day at work and how they could relate to the ether and son.They do so in the commercial by causing them to feel like they need the pudding to relieve their stress and believe that It actually works. When the father states that â€Å"l love Jell-O† and begins telling his son about his day and because of the connection fathers have with his circumstance they would want to feel the same way the father in the commercial did after eating the pudding. The tone that is portrayed day of work and with the imagery of a child with the leading hairlines, driving wrought traffic and working is quite comical.The horrible day the father had depicted the depressing side of a typical fathers' daily life giving an upsetting tone to the commercial. Jell-O had sold its product effectively to the father and son audience through real life situations but lac ked in visuals of the pudding. The advertiser exceeded in adhering to their targeted audience and including both ethos and pathos effect grabbing the viewer's attention with laughter and misery which is an effective way of eating a buyer to adhere to their product.People may see the product as delicious because the father said he â€Å"loves Jell-O† but, the advertisement does not say why he loves it or shows in detail the product itself to get a visual idea of what the buyers are going to be eating. Overall the commercial was successful in fulfilling their objective of portraying a realistic environment to grab the father and son audience for their product, Jell-O pudding. Works Cited Jell-O pudding. Advertisement. OCW. 4 Jan 2014. Television

African American Dance Essay

Assignment: After viewing the video â€Å"Dance on the Wind: Memoirs of a Mississippi Shaman† what is your opinion of the connection that Mr. Washington makes between African dance and African American Dance? Do you agree or disagree? Please be specific as to why and use examples. If you agree give an example of a popular African American dance in which you see the connection with African Dance. Your assignment should be in essay format and a minimum of one page typed. My Response: The connection in my opinion is the Mr. Washington made a connection between African-American Dance from his child-hood memories because his parents had to complete personalities as for his mother’s side of the family he took the memories of the dancing in church and being in the mist of the Holy Spirit and brainstormed some stick figures and contemplated on how his body could smoothly get through each step flawlessly. As for his father side of the family enjoyed dancing every. Saturday and he realized the common factor was the rhythm and blues and that they each danced to feel freedom and immortality and to show enjoyment and fulfillment of hard work. As he grew older he gained more access to the world and traveling. So he went a paid his ancient ancestors, he was amazed at what he saw and immediately put himself in his ancestors shoes. Culturally he is an American but religiously, spiritually he is an African American. So the connection was the rhythm and blues and the ancestors’ roots of music.

4 Common Questions About How to Vote in College

4 Common Questions About How to Vote in College With so much else to juggle while in college, you may not have thought much about how to vote. Even if its your first election or going to school means you live in a different state, figuring out how to vote in college can be relatively simple.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ I Live in One State but Go to School in Another. Where Do I Vote? You can be a resident of two states, but you can only vote in one. So if youre a college student who has a permanent address is in one state and lives in another to attend school, you can choose where you want to cast your vote. Youll need to check with your home state or the state your school is in for more details on registration requirements, how to register and, of course, how to vote. You can generally find this information through a states Secretary of State website or  the board of elections. Additionally, if you decide to vote in your home state but are living in another state, youll probably need to vote absentee. Make sure you allow yourself enough time to receive - and return - your ballot through the mail. The same goes for changing registration: While a few states offer same-day voter registration, many have firm deadlines for registering new voters before an election.   How Do I Vote in My Hometown Election If Im Away at School? If, say, you live in Hawaii but are in college in New York, chances are you arent going to be able to head home to vote. Assuming you want to remain a registered voter in Hawaii, youll need to register as an absentee voter and have your ballot sent to you at school. How Do I Vote in the State Where My School Is? As long as youve registered to vote in your new state, you should get voter materials in the mail that will explain the issues, have candidate statements and say where your local polling place is. You may very well vote right on your campus. If not, theres a pretty good chance that a lot of students at your school will need to get to the neighborhood polling place on Election Day. Check with your student activities or student life office to see if they are running shuttles or if there are any carpooling initiatives involved for reaching the polling place. Lastly, if you dont have transportation to your local polling place or wont be able to vote on Election Day for some other reason, see if you can vote by mail.   Even if your permanent address and your school are in the same state, youll want to double-check your registration. If you cant get home on Election Day, you either need to vote absentee or consider changing your registration to your school address so you can vote locally. Where Can I Get More Information on the Issues That Affect College Students? College students are a critical - and very large - voting constituency who are often at the forefront of political activism. (Its not an accident presidential debates are historically held on college campuses.) Most campuses have programs and events, put on by campus or local political parties and campaigns, that explain different candidates views on certain issues. The internet is full of information on elections but put in the effort to seek out credible sources. Look to non-profit, non-partisan organizations for details on election issues, as well as quality news sources and political parties websites, which have information on initiatives, candidates, and their policies.

Command Economy Definition, Characteristics, Pros and Cons

Command Economy Definition, Characteristics, Pros and Cons In a command economy (also known as a centrally planned economy), the central government controls all major aspects of a nations economy and production. The government, rather than the traditional free market economy laws of supply and demand, mandates which goods and services will be produced and how they will be distributed and sold. The theory of a command economy was defined by Karl Marx in the Communist Manifesto as â€Å"common ownership of the means of production,† and it became a typical characteristic of communist governments. Key Takeaways: Command Economy A command economy- or centrally planned economy- is a system in which the government controls all facets of the nation’s economy. All businesses and housing are owned and controlled by the government.In a command economy, the government determines what goods and services will be produced and how they will be sold according to a multi-year central macroeconomic plan.In nations with command economies, health care, housing, and education are usually free, but the peoples’ incomes are controlled by the government and private investment is rarely allowed.In the Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx defined command economy as â€Å"common ownership of the means of production.†While command economies are typical of both communism and socialism, the two political ideologies apply them differently. While command economies are capable of rapidly making sweeping changes in a country’s economy and society, their inherent risks, such as overproduction and stifling of innovation, have driven many long-time command economies like Russia and China to incorporate free market practices in order to better compete in the global marketplace. Command Economy Characteristics In a command economy, the government has a multi-year central macroeconomic plan which sets objectives like nationwide employment rates and what the government-owned industries will produce. The government enacts laws and regulations to implement and enforce its economic plan. For example, the central plan dictates how all of the country’s resources- financial, human, and natural- are to be allocated. With the goal of eliminating unemployment, the central plan promises to use the nation’s human capital to its highest potential. However, industries must adhere to the plan’s overall hiring targets. Potential monopoly industries such as utilities, banking, and transportation are owned by the government and no competition is allowed within those sectors. In this manner, monopoly prevention measures such as anti-trust laws are unnecessary.   The government owns most, if not all of the country’s industries that produce goods or services. It may also set market prices and provide consumers with some necessities, including health care, housing, and education.   In more tightly-controlled command economies, the government imposes limits on individual income. Command Economy Examples Globalization and financial pressure have led many former command economies to change their practices and economic model, but a few countries remain faithful to the principles of command economy, such as Cuba and North Korea. Cuba Under Raul Castro, Fidel Castro’s brother, most Cuban industries remain owned and operated by the communist government. While unemployment is virtually nonexistent, the average monthly salary is less than $20 USD. Housing and health care are free, but all of the homes and hospitals are owned by the government. Since the former Soviet Union stopped subsidizing Cuba’s economy in 1990, the Castro government has gradually incorporated some free-market policies in an effort to stimulate growth. North Korean currency, featuring Kim Il-Sung, DPKRs first leader. johan10 / Getty Images North Korea The command economic philosophy of this secretive communist nation focuses on meeting the needs of its people. For example, by owning all of the homes and setting their prices accordingly, the government keeps the cost of housing low. Similarly, health care and education in government-operated hospitals and schools are free. However, with the lack of competition leaving them little reason to improve or innovate, the government-owned industries operate inefficiently. Overcrowded transportation facilities and long waits for health care are typical. Finally, with their incomes strictly controlled by the government, the people have no avenue for building wealth. Pros and Cons Some advantages of a command economy include: They can move quickly. Controlled by the government itself, industries can complete massive projects without politically motivated delays and fears of private lawsuits.Since jobs and hiring are regulated by the government, unemployment is consistently minimal and mass unemployment is rare.Government ownership of industries can prevent monopolies and their inherent abusive market practices, such as price gouging and deceptive advertising.They can quickly respond to fill critical societal needs such as health care, housing, and education, which are typically made available at little or no charge. Disadvantages of a command economy include: Command economies breed governments which limit the rights of individuals to pursue their personal financial goals.Due to their lack of free-market competition, command economies discourage innovation. Industry leaders are rewarded for following government directives rather than for creating new products and solutions.Since their economic plans are unable to respond to changing consumer needs in a timely manner, command economies often suffer from over and under production resulting in shortages and wasteful surpluses.They encourage â€Å"black markets† that illegally make and sell products not produced by the command economy. Communist Command Economy vs. Socialist Command Economy While command economies are typical of both communism and socialism, the two political ideologies apply them differently. Both forms of government own and control most industries and production, but socialist command economies do not attempt to control the peoples’ own labor. Instead, the people are free to work as they wish based on their qualifications. Similarly, businesses are free to hire the best-qualified workers, rather than having workers assigned to them based on the central economic plan. In this manner, socialist command economies encourage a higher level of worker participation and innovation. Today, Sweden is an example of a nation using a socialist command economy. Sources and Further Reference â€Å"Command Economy.† Investopedia (March 2018)Bon, Kristoffer G.; Gabnay, Roberto M. editors. â€Å"Economics: Its Concepts Principles.† 2007. Rex Book Store. ISBN 9712346927, 9789712346927Grossman, Gregory (1987): â€Å"Command economy.† The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave MacmillanEllman, Michael (2014). â€Å".†Socialist Planning Cambridge University Press; 3rd edition. ISBN 1107427320

Teamwork Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Teamwork Philosophy - Essay Example The kind of team I have to work with as a manager belongs to the second category because it is a project team. Many important functions of such teams ranging from completing work to developing system innovations to delivering quality to customers heavily depend on good communication. This is why a recent research survey has revealed ineffective communication â€Å"as the biggest barrier to team effectiveness† (Cardon, 2014, p. 66). Good teams are based on a solid foundation of goals and norms. One of the most decisive goals is being able to negotiate or discuss options in a healthy way. There are many sensitive managers who want to avoid confrontation as much as possible and prefer to find escape in difficult times instead of addressing the problem at hand. Research has it members of effective teams consider it critically important â€Å"to spend most of their time discussing work issues† . This is the state of high-performing teams. In contrast, lower-performing teams do not make wise investments in discussing work problems which prevents team members from bonding around work issues. In order to accomplish goals on time, I intend to lead my team by developing a common sense of purpose. Research claims that organizing problem-solving meeting can help to align interests of managers and team members. Many times teams perform poorly because there are conflicting interests. This conflict becomes a hurdle in the way of achieving a common goal.  Ã‚     I am personally strictly against suppressing someone’s voice to advance my personal interests.